Geisir Andernach

Virtual cinematography is the set of cinematographic techniques performed in a computer graphics environment. This includes a wide variety of subjects like photographing real objects, often with stereo or multi-camera setup, for the purpose of recreating them as three-dimensional objects and algorithms for automated creation of real and simulated camera angles.

Geisirs and more

Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles (8,983 km2), comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest supervolcano on the continent. The caldera is considered an active volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Half of the world's geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone.

 

USA: On the Road

Imovie can be a great help.


In this old v8 video I manage to improve a number of things

Video contained half images, cut them away

New transitions applied

New sound (music) was added

Driving scenes were stabilised

Colors were corrected

So was occasionally the “white-point”

Where appropriate the speed of the scene was adapted

Old-westsidestory

Filmmaking also takes place outside of the mainstream and is commonly called independent filmmaking. Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized. Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a film, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, traditional distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system. In the past, most independent filmmakers have relied on film festivals (such as Sundance, Venice, Cannes and Toronto film festivals) to get their films noticed and sold for distribution and production. However, the Internet has allowed for relatively inexpensive distribution of independent films on websites such as YouTube. As a result, several companies have emerged to assist filmmakers in getting independent movies seen and sold via mainstream internet marketplaces, often adjacent to popular Hollywood titles. With internet movie distribution, independent filmmakers who fail to garner a traditional distribution deal now have the ability to reach global audiences.

Bad Wimpfen

A spa town is a resort town based on a mineral spa (a developed mineral spring). Patrons visit spas to "take the waters" for their purported health benefits. The word spa is derived from the name of Spa, a town in Belgium.

Thomas Guidott set up a medical practice in the English town of Bath in 1668. He became interested in the curative properties of the hot mineral waters there and in 1676 wrote A discourse of Bathe, and the hot waters there. Also, Some Enquiries into the Nature of the water. This brought the purported health-giving properties of the waters to the attention of the aristocracy, who started to partake in them soon after.

The term spa is used for towns or resorts offering hydrotherapy, which can include cold water or mineral water treatments and geothermal baths.

Diamonds from Antwerp

Antwerp's diamond district, also known as the Diamond Quarter (Diamantkwartier), and dubbed the Square Mile is an area within the city of Antwerp, Belgium. It consists of several square blocks covering an area of about one square mile. While, as of 2012, much of the gem cutting and polishing work historically done in the neighborhood had moved to low wage centers elsewhere, about 84% of the world's rough diamonds passed through the district, making it the largest diamond district in the world with a turnover of 54 billion dollars.

Knights of the Neckar

A film genre is a motion picture category based on similarities in either the narrative elements or the emotional response to the film (namely, serious, comic, etc.). Most theories of film genre are borrowed from literary genre criticism. The basic genres include fiction and documentary, from which subgenres have emerged, such as docufiction and docudrama. Other subgenres include the courtroom and trial-focused drama known as the legal drama. Types of fiction which may seem unrelated can also be combined to form hybrid subgenres, such as the melding of horror and comedy in the Evil Dead films. Other popular combinations are the romantic comedy and the action comedy film.

Sunday in the Vondelpark

A remake is a film or television series that is based on an earlier work and tells the same, or a very similar, story.
The term "remake" is generally used in reference to a movie which uses an earlier movie as the main source material, rather than in reference to a second, later movie based on the same source

 

Schloss Heidelberg

A storyboard artist visualizes stories and sketches frames of the story. Quick pencil drawings and marker renderings are two of the most common traditional techniques, although nowadays Adobe Flash, Adobe Photoshop, and other storyboard applications are often used. The digital camera is one of the latest techniques in creating storyboards.
They are mostly freelance artists, typically hired by art directors and film directors. Typically freelance storyboard artists will belong to one or more storyboard agencies much like an illustration agency.
Many storyboard artists nowadays begin and finish their work on computers using software and digital pencils or a graphics tablet. Storyboard artists may use photos to create visuals where stock photos or photos taken specifically for the project are put together digitally to produce a photographic representation called a photovisual.

For motion pictures, some filmmakers, directors, and producers choose to use clip-art computer programs designed to create storyboards, or use a dedicated 3D storyboarding software, or a more multi-purpose 3D program which can also be used to create elements of the storyboards

 

Communications Primer

You might think that a movie about information from 1953 couldn’t possibly be relevant in the age of iPhone apps and the Internet but you’d be wrong. A Communications Primer, directed by that power couple of design Charles and Ray Eames, might refer to some hopelessly quaint technology – computer punch cards, for instance – but the underlying ideas are as current as anything you’re likely to see at a TED talk. You can watch it above.

In fact, the film made for IBM was the result of the first ever multi-media presentations that Charles Eames developed for the University of Georgia and UCLA. Using slides, music, narration and film, Eames broke down some elemental aspects of communications for the audience. Central to the film is an input/output diagram that was laid out by Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, in his 1949 book, The Mathematical Theory of Communication. As the perhaps overly soothing narrator intones, any message is transmitted by a signal through a channel to its receiver. While in the channel, the signal is altered and degraded by noise. The key to effective communication is to reduce "noise" (construed broadly) that interferes with the message and to generally simplify things.

Heidelberg the city

If you're making movies of activities within a relatively small area, it's often a good idea to change your viewpoint to accommodate the changing scene. Shoot from either side of your subject, or change from one side to the other if it gives you the best angle to show what is important to the story. However, when making a movie across an extended area, best results are usually obtained if you don't vary your viewpoint form one side of your subject to the other. For instance, if you're making a movie of a hike in the woods, it's a good idea to show your subjects always traveling in the same direction. This makes the sequence flow in a logical manner. After your subjects have reached their destination and you've filmed on-the-spot activities, such as a picnic, you can show your subjects heading in the opposite direction and returning to their starting point. Constantly changing the viewpoint and direction of travel can make your movie look fragmented and may confuse your audience.

Amsterdam "Far East"

As you make movies, keep in mind that you are really telling a story. Like any story, your movie needs a proper introduction, a body, and a conclusion - plus, continuity to tie all the parts together. Continuity may come naturally when you film the action as it happens in it normal progression, or it can be created when you edit the film into logical order later. Before shooting any movie story, it's good to write a plan. Think of what you want to film to help complete your movie story.

Four castles at the Neckar

Cross-cutting is an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time, and usually in the same place. In a cross-cut, the camera will cut away from one action to another action, which can suggest the simultaneity of these two actions but this is not always the case.

Suspense may be added by cross-cutting. It is built through the expectations that it creates and in the hopes that it will be explained with time. Cross-cutting also forms parallels; it illustrates a narrative action that happens in several places at approximately the same time.. Often, this contrast is used for strong emotional effect, and frequently at the climax of a film. The rhythm of, or length of time between, cross-cuts can also set the rhythm of a scene. Increasing the rapidity between two different actions may add tension to a scene, much in the same manner of using short, declarative sentences in a work of literature.

Footpath in Amsterdam

Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. The verb "to stream" refers to the process of delivering or obtaining media in this manner; the term refers to the delivery method of the medium, rather than the medium itself, and is an alternative to file downloading, a process in which the end-user obtains the entire file for the content before watching or listening to it.

A client end-user can use their media player to begin to play the data file (such as a digital file of a movie or song) before the entire file has been transmitted. Distinguishing delivery method from the media distributed applies specifically to telecommunications networks, as most of the delivery systems are either inherently streaming (e.g. radio, television) or inherently non-streaming (e.g. books, video cassettes, audio CDs). For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media; nowadays Internet television is a common form of streamed media. The term "streaming media" can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered "streaming text".

3D projection

9pm, 1st April 2012, Amsterdam’s Westergasfabriek - the stunning historical setting for an ambitious 3d projection on one of the most distinctive buildings in The Netherlands to help launch new Manpower Group company, Experis. The famous cylinderical shape of the Gashouder (a steel gas tank built in 1902 which can extend to a height of 40m) provided an opportunity for PostPanic to push 3d projection technology even further and create a stunning 4 minute visual ride through the story of ‘The Human Age’

Apotheker museum

There are fewer film critics on television and radio in the last thirty years. Most film criticism in general does not hold the same place it once held with the general public.

However, in recent years, there has been growing concern in the film industry of the influence of online film criticism which is becoming much more influential, especially with the review aggregate website, Rotten Tomatoes, which as blamed for several films in 2017 underperforming because of the low score derived from film critics that the website posted for most of them. This has led to studies such as one commissioned by 20th Century Fox claiming that younger viewers give the website more credibility than the major studio marketing, which undercuts its effectiveness.

Koningstuhl in Heidelberg

In English-speaking countries, world cinema is the films and film industries of non-English-speaking countries. It is therefore often used interchangeably with the term foreign film. However, both world cinema and foreign film could be taken to refer to the films of all countries other than one's own, regardless of native language.

Technically, foreign film does not mean the same as foreign language film, but the inference is that a foreign film is not only foreign in terms of the country of production, but also in terms of the language used. As such, the use of the term foreign film for films produced in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada or other English-speaking countries would be uncommon within other English-speaking countries.

 

Teddybear Hospital

The important thing to remember is to intermix long, medium, and close-up shots for variety. A good rule of thumb for your filming is to start a movie sequence with a shot to establish the action. The most common establishing shot is a long-distance shot to show the whole setting, but it could also be a close-up to show one aspect of the action. Then follow with a related scene shot from a different distance. Keep in mind that close-ups add variety, impact, and interest. So, use them often when they're appropriate.

 

Film on war

There is always the question of exactly how independent a TV news report is. However, in the later 20th century there were many news networks and in countries like the USA and UK there was no official censorship, except for matters of national security. This clip is an interesting example of the type of reporting which became highly controversial because it was said that the style and tone of the reporting shaped opinions about the Vietnam war rather than simply reporting events from the war.

Can you believe your eyes? : Using film as evidence in history.

Many people take the moving image for granted. They frequently assume that the images they see are a true and accurate portrayal of the events of âwhat is happeningâ. Of course this can be in part explained by the fact that the visual image is far more seductive than the written word. This is because we impose our own meaning on what we see. The idea that âI wonâ²t believe it until I see itâ is very significant here.

Hilaria mix

In movies, sequels are common. There are many name formats for sequels. Sometimes, they either have unrelated titles or have a letter added on the end. More commonly, they have numbers at the end or have an added word on the end. It is also common for a sequel to have a variation of the original title or have a subtitle. In the 1930s, many musical sequels had the year included in the title. Sometimes sequels are released with different titles in different countries, because of the perceived brand recognition. There are several ways that subsequent works can be related to the chronology of the original. Various neologisms have been coined to describe them.

Bridges

Slide shows had their beginnings in the 1600s, when hand-painted images on glass were first projected onto a wall with a "magic lantern". By the late 1700s, showmen were using magic lanterns to thrill audiences with seemingly supernatural apparitions in a popular form of entertainment called a phantasmagoria. Sunlight, candles and oil lamps were the only available light sources. The development of new, much brighter artificial light sources opened up a world of practical applications for image projection. In the 1800s, a series of hand-painted glass "lantern slides" was sometimes projected to illustrate story-telling or a lecture. Widespread and varied uses for

amusement and education evolved throughout the century. By 1900, photographic images on glass had replaced hand-painted images, but the black-and-white photographs were sometimes hand-colored with transparent dyes. The production of lantern slides had become a considerable industry, with dimensions standardized at 3.25 inches high by 4 inches wide in the US and 3.25 inches square in the UK and much of Europe.

 

 

Amsterdam 1890

Photochrom  is a process for producing colorized images from black-and-white photographic negatives via the direct photographic transfer of a negative onto lithographic printing plates. The process is a photographic variant of chromolithography (color lithography).

The process was invented in the 1880s by Hans Jakob Schmid (1856–1924), an employee of the Swiss company Orell Gessner Füssli—a printing firm whose history began in the 16th century. The photochrom process was most popular in the 1890s, when true color photography was first developed but was still commercially impractical.

In 1898 the US Congress passed the Private Mailing Card Act which let private publishers produce postcards. These could be mailed for one cent each, while the letter rate was two cents. Publishers created thousands of photochrom prints, usually of cities or landscapes, and sold them as postcards. In this format, photochrom reproductions became popular.
The Detroit Photographic Company reportedly produced as many as seven million photochrom prints in some years, and ten to thirty thousand different views were offered.

After World War One, which ended the craze for collecting Photochrom postcards, the chief use of the process was for posters and art reproductions. The last Photochrom printer operated up to 1970.

Bus to the East

There’s nothing better than the holidays or summer break when we can finally break away from our normal, boring schedule and head off on an amazing trip! Family vacations and other trips are some of the most memorable times in our lives. It’s no wonder so many movies have been made about vacation stories

Focus on Bergen op Zoom (nl)

InZicht is de website van de Stichting Microtoerisme InZicht, een ideële stichting die op een leuke, gezonde en ontspannende manier wil bijdragen aan het historisch inzicht van de Nederlanders. De stichting is door het Ministerie van Financiën erkend als ANBI (Algemeen Nut Beogende Instelling).

InSight is a Dutch foundation aimed to increase your historical insight.

Op website InZicht kunt u g r a t i s
stadswandelingen en audiotours (70+) in mooie historische steden en toeristische landschappelijke fietsroutes (55+) downloaden. Tijdens deze tochten komt u meer te weten over de geschiedenis van de stad / het gebied. Maar ook achter het scherm komt u aan uw trekken: video's (600+) bekijken, foto's (20.000+) kijken, lezen over de geschiedenis van mooie steden (55+) of de fotoblogberichten bekijken.

Website InSight shows you interesting historical European towns and villages of great beauty. Have a look. Everything is free!

German Expressionism, Explained

That dark stylish beauty synonymous with directors like Guillermo del Toro and Tim Burton has its roots in Germany during the 1910s, 20s, and 30s. Here, realism is done away with in favor of the distorted and the surreal. Mirrors, large shadows, and optical effects are abundant. Strange worlds are created through a purely subjective eye. This is German Expressionism…

Created for No Film School by Press Play Productions

Paint and Picture

How the sequence goes together
How are the shots edited? Are they joined with simple cuts (where one shot goes straight to the next one), or are there more complicated transitions, like dissolves or fades? If so, what are the transitions telling us?
Find the cut
Look at where the editor decided to make the cut between two shots.
Do the sound and picture change together, or at diferent times (split edits)? Does the sequence use cutaways (where the sound from one shot continues, but
we see a diferent image)?

Soviet Montage

Batty McFaddin - Silent Film Light by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-...
Artist: http://incompetech.com/

Falun mine

Falun Mine (Swedish: Falu Gruva) was a mine in Falun, Sweden, that operated for a millennium from the 10th century to 1992. It produced as much as two thirds of Europe's copper needs and helped fund many of Sweden's wars in the 17th century. Technological developments at the mine had a profound influence on mining globally for two centuries. The mine is now a museum and in 2001 was designated a UNESCO world heritage site.

Home theater

A movie theater or movie theatre (also called a cinema) is a building that contains an auditorium for viewing films (also called movies or cinemas), for entertainment. Most, but not all, theaters are commercial operations catering to the general public, who attend by purchasing a ticket. Some movie theaters, however, are operated by non-profit organizations or societies which charge members a membership fee to view films.

The film is projected with a movie projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds and music are played through a number of wall-mounted speakers. Since the 1970s, subwoofers have been used for low-pitched sounds. In the 2010s, most movie theaters are equipped for digital cinema projection, removing the need to create and transport a physical film print on a heavy reel.

Dutch Fairytale Forest

On 31 May 2017, the Efteling celebrates its 65th anniversary. What ever began with an idea of ​​Anton Pieck and Peter Reijnders Sprookjesbos with ten fairy tales, 65 years later, became the world of the Efteling. A wonderful place in the green where attention for nature, love for fairy tales and Brabant hospitality has been going hand in hand for 65 years.

In order to keep her guests wondering, the Efteling will add a new family attraction in 2017, Symbolica: The Palace of Fantasy. In 2017 the accommodation possibilities will also be extended with the opening of the Efteling Loonsche Land holiday park.

In this jubilee year, the Efteling builds on her traditions together with her proud employees and adds new icons. This way, new wonderful memories can be made in the coming years too ...

Mindf*ck

The substitution splice or stop trick is a cinematic special effect in which filmmakers achieve an appearance, disappearance, or transformation by altering one or more selected aspects of the mise-en-scène between two shots while maintaining the same framing and other aspects of the scene in both shots. The effect is usually polished by careful editing to establish a seamless cut and optimal moment of change. It has also been referred to as stop motion substitution or stop-action.

Schindlers List Location

Themes and symbolism

The film explores the theme of good versus evil, using as its main protagonist a "good German", a popular characterization in American cinema. While Göth is characterized as an almost completely dark and evil person, Schindler gradually evolves from Nazi supporter to rescuer and hero. Thus a second theme of redemption is introduced as Schindler, a disreputable schemer on the edges of respectability, becomes a father figure responsible for saving the lives of more than a thousand people.

Carl Larsson painter

Through his paintings and books, Little Hyttnäs has become one of the most famous artist's homes in the world, transmitting the artistic taste of its creators and making it a major line in Swedish interior design. The descendants of Carl and Karin Larsson now own this house and keep it open for tourists each summer from May until October.

Larsson's popularity increased considerably with the development of colour reproduction technology in the 1890s, when the Swedish publisher Bonnier published books written and illustrated by Larsson and containing full colour reproductions of his watercolours,

Crystal Palace Amsterdam

Manipulated footage.
Distributed with inaccurate descriptions, edited with graphic effects, or filmed with actors, manipulated videos showed up often enough to make a savvy viewer question everything she sees online. The abundance of false footage means that video can confuse rather than elucidate the incident it purports to document. It certainly made our work curating videos from Venezuela, Gaza, Ukraine, and elsewhere more laborious.

Fortunately, activists and journalists have responded with a number of new tools and resources to help viewers verify that what we’re watching is what we think it is.

Media literacy (2)

Media Literacy is a 21st century approach to education. It provides a framework to access, analyze, evaluate, create and participate with messages in a variety of forms — from print to video to the Internet. Media literacy builds an understanding of the role of media in society as well as essential skills of inquiry and self-expression necessary for citizens of a democracy.

Jamtli Oresund

In traditional linear movies, the author can carefully construct the plot, roles, and characters to achieve a specific effect on the audience. Interactivity, however, introduces non-linearity into the movie, such that the author no longer has complete control over the story, but must now share control with the viewer. There is an inevitable trade-off between the desire of the viewer for freedom to experience the movie in different ways, and the desire of the author to employ specialized techniques to control the presentation of the story. Computer technology is required to create the illusion of freedom for the viewer, while providing familiar, as well as, new cinematic techniques to the author.

Buenas Noches Valencia

Day for night is a set of cinematic techniques used to simulate a night scene while filming in daylight. It is often employed when it is too difficult or expensive to actually shoot during nighttime. Because both film stocks and digital image sensors lack the sensitivity of the human eye in low light conditions, night scenes recorded in natural light, with or without moonlight, may be underexposed to the point where little or nothing is visible.This problem can be avoided by using daylight to substitute for darkness. When shooting day for night, the scene is typically underexposed in-camera or darkened during post-production, with a blue tint added. Additional effects are often used to heighten the impression of night.

What is Home Movie Day?

A brief explanation of what Home Movie Day is all about...

What Is Home Movie Day?
Home Movie Day is a celebration of amateur films and filmmaking held annually at many local venues worldwide. Home Movie Day events provide the opportunity for individuals and families to see and share their own home movies with an audience of their community, and to see their neighbors’ in turn. It’s a chance to discover why to care about these films and to learn how best to care for them.

The Netherlands as Republic

Another video about this subject can be found on this site under: Killing of the Dutch Republic

Death and legacy

 Van Oldenbarnevelt's execution.

It was in fact a kangaroo court, and the stacked bench of judges on Sunday, 12 May 1619, pronounced a death sentence on Van Oldenbarnevelt. On the following day, the old statesman, at the age of seventy-one, was beheaded in the Binnenhof, in The Hague. Van Oldenbarnevelt's last words to the executioner were purportedly: "Make it short, make it short." He was buried in a family grave under the Court Chapel (Hofkapel) at the Binnenhof.

 

Tulipomania

Idea y guión: Noelia Bellés Calvera.

Tulip mania or tulipomania was a period in the Dutch Golden Age during which contract prices for bulbs of the recently introduced tulip reached extraordinarily high levels and then suddenly collapsed.

At the peak of tulip mania, in March 1637, some single tulip bulbs sold for more than 10 times the annual income of a skilled craftsworker. It is generally considered the first recorded speculative bubble (or economic bubble)
The term "tulip mania" is now often used metaphorically to refer to any large economic bubble when asset prices deviate from intrinsic values.

Schindlers list

Why was this film shot in black and white?

Primarily for reasons of authenticity, realism, and also to make it feel like a historic documentation, since it is a true story. Spielberg himself has given this explanation as well, further motivating this artistic choice with the fact that almost all real documentation of the Holocaust he has seen has always been in black and white. To enhance the documentary feeling, the movie was primarily shot with handheld cameras, and contains no crane shots. Director of photography Janusz Kaminski has further added that black and white contributes to the agelessness of the movie, something the makers strove very hard for. For symbolic reasons, the little girl in the red coat, the tribute at Schindler's grave, and the beginning (the flames from the candles) are the only bits of color in the movie and it makes things stand out a little bit more.

Germany vs France

Political cinema in the narrow sense of the term is a cinema which portrays current or historical events or social conditions in a partisan way in order to inform or to agitate the spectator.[citation needed] Political cinema exists in different forms such as documentaries, feature films, or even animated and experimental films

Digital Escape-room

An escape room is a physical adventure game in which players solve a series of puzzles using clues, hints and strategy to complete the objectives at hand. Players are given a set time limit to unveil the secret plot which is hidden within the rooms.
English novelist E. M. Forster described plot as the cause-and-effect relationship between events in a story. According to Forster, "The king died, and then the queen died, is a story, while The king died, and then the queen died of grief, is a plot."

Paper film

As its name implied the film was made of paper (which was a stable material, unlike cellulose nitrate film), on which images were offset printed. The film had a width of 28mm which, thanks to being perforated in the middle, resulted in roughly the same picture area as with 35mm film. It was projected, not with transmitted (diascopic), but with reflected (episcopic) light. Thus film width, perforation, and illumination system all meant that only film made for this contraption could be projected. Even if REFCY projectors were “not that expensive toys” (Sugimoto[1990], 256), this would seem to have been a disadvantage.

South Pole Expedition

Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions. He led the Antarctic expedition of 1910–12 which was the first to reach the South Pole, on 14 December 1911. In 1926, he was the first expedition leader for the air expedition to the North Pole.

Amundsen is recognized as the first person, without dispute, as having reached both poles He is also known as having the first expedition to traverse the Northwest Passage (1903–06) in the Arctic.

In June 1928, while taking part in a rescue mission for the airship Italia, the plane he was in disappeared. Amundsen was a key expedition leader during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, in the class of Douglas Mawson, Robert Falcon Scott, and Ernest Shackleton.

 

Composition

 

In the visual arts, composition is the placement or arrangement of visual elements or ingredients in a work of art, as distinct from the subject. It can also be thought of as the organization of the elements of art according to the principles of art.

Guernica 80 years ago

The German bombers appeared in the skies over Guernica in the late afternoon of April 26, 1937 and immediately transformed the sleepy Spanish market town into an everlasting symbol of the atrocity of war. Unbeknownst to the residents of Guernica, they had been slated by their attackers to become guinea pigs in an experiment designed to determine just what it would take to bomb a city into oblivion. Spain was embroiled in a convulsive civil war that had begun in July 1936 when the right-wing Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco sought to overthrow Spain's left-wing Republican government. It did not take long before this bloody internal Spanish quarrel attracted the participation of forces beyond its borders - creating a lineup of opponents that foreshadowed the partnerships that would battle each other in World War II. Fascist Germany and Italy supported Franco while the Soviet Union backed the Republicans.

Krakau Poland

The history of cinema in Poland is almost as long as history of cinematography, and it has universal achievements, even though Polish movies tend to be less commercially available than movies from several other European nations.

After World War II, the communist government built an auteur based national cinema, trained hundreds of new directors and empowered them to make films. Filmmakers like Roman Polanski, Krzysztof Kieślowski, Agnieszka Holland, Andrzej Wajda, Andrzej Żuławski, Andrzej Munk, and Jerzy Skolimowski impacted the development of Polish filmmaking. In more recent years, the industry has been producer-led with finance being the key to a film being made, and with a large number of independent filmmakers of all genres, Polish productions tend to be more inspired by American film.