The monastery grounds contain two baroque churches, designed by father and son Trezzini and built in 1717–22 and 1742–50, respectively; a majestic Neoclassical cathedral, built in 1778–90 to a design by Ivan Starov and consecrated to the Holy Trinity; and numerous structures of lesser importance. It also contains the Lazarev and Tikhvin Cemeteries,
I am a Dutch amateurfilmer and homevideo-enthusiast, as well as producer, director, editor of "C'est le Toon". This video-blog is a communication-tool sharing news, documentaries, family videos, interviews, travelogues, visual arts and filmmaking. It also contains tips about and examples of how-to make interesting homevideos, travelogues, ipodsfilms vacationfilms and vodcasts etc. Search the site for worldwide video's and movies! Enjoy.
14 dec 2007
Nevsky monastery
The monastery grounds contain two baroque churches, designed by father and son Trezzini and built in 1717–22 and 1742–50, respectively; a majestic Neoclassical cathedral, built in 1778–90 to a design by Ivan Starov and consecrated to the Holy Trinity; and numerous structures of lesser importance. It also contains the Lazarev and Tikhvin Cemeteries,
13 dec 2007
Amstel river
Persistence of vision is still the accepted term for this phenomenon in the realm of cinema history and theory. In the early days of film innovation, it was scientifically determined[citation needed] that a frame rate of less than 16 frames per second (frame/s) caused the mind to see flashing images. Audiences still interpret motion at rates as low as ten frames per second or slower (as in a flipbook), but the flicker caused by the shutter of a film projector is distracting below the 16-frame threshold.[citation needed]
Modern theatrical film runs at 24 frames a second. This is the case for both physical film and digital cinema systems.
My home is my castle
it simply means that its your home which is your dream place... the size of a house doesn't decide anything.. but it's the people living in it and the love shared by the people in the house that makes it special.. making it a dream place like a castle!! Thus, it's a metaphor!!
Aqua (the Sorgue)
The Ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles held that water is one of the four classical elements along with fire, earth and air, and was regarded as the ylem, or basic substance of the universe. Thales, who was portrayed by Aristotle as an astronomer and an engineer, theorized that the earth, which is denser than water, emerged from the water. Thales, a monist, believed further that all things are made from water. Plato believed the shape of water is an icosahedron which accounts for why it is able to flow easily compared to the cube-shaped earth.[
Hamlet in Auvergne
The name "film" originates from the fact that photographic film (also called film stock) has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for an individual motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay and flick.
The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the movies and cinema; the latter is commonly used in scholarly texts and critical essays, especially by European writers. In early years, the word sheet was sometimes used instead of screen.
12 dec 2007
Birds Paradise
Between land and sky, close to 640 acres of dunes, forests and marshes at the heart of the Nature Reserve, the Parc du Marquenterre is a preserved area that will win you over with its unique landscapes and natural wealth. Over 360 species of birds have been observed, as many as in Camargue, which is 15 times larger!
">Every season, interest is renewed with the comings and goings of migratory birds and the cycle of life.
Camping in Norway
A home movie is part of the motion picture filmmaking process made by amateurs, often for viewing by family and friends. When the hobby began, home movies were produced on photographic film, but accessibility of video production with video cameras and low cost data storage devices has made the making of home movies easier and more affordable to the average person. The boundaries between consumer movie-making and professional movie-making are becoming increasingly blurred as prosumer equipment often offers features previously only available on professional equipment.
Saint Petersburg and Us
A slide show is a presentation of a series of still images on a projection screen or electronic display device, typically in a prearranged sequence. The changes may be automatic and at regular intervals or they may be manually controlled by a presenter or the viewer. Slide shows originally consisted of a series of individual photographic slides projected onto a screen with a slide projector. When referring to the video or computer-based visual equivalent, in which the slides are not individual physical objects, the term is often written as one word, slideshow.
Filmmaking: Lighting
Lighting
Light is necessary to create an image exposure on a frame of film or on a digital target (CCD, etc.). The art of lighting for cinematography goes far beyond basic exposure, however, into the essence of visual storytelling. Lighting contributes considerably to the emotional response an audience has watching a motion picture. The increased usage of filters can greatly impact the final image and affect the lighting.
7 dec 2007
Stairway to Heaven
Filmmaking – process of making a film. Filmmaking involves a number of discrete stages including an initial story, idea, or commission, through scriptwriting, casting, shooting, editing, and screening the finished product before an audience that may result in a film release and exhibition. Filmmaking is both an art and an industry. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film which was shown through a movie projector onto a large screen (in other words, an analog recording process). The adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the entire process of production, distribution, and exhibition from start to finish.
4 dec 2007
People of Rome
Music videos use a wide range of styles of film making techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries, and non-narrative approaches such as abstract film. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation and live action.
Many music videos do not interpret images from the song's lyrics, making it less literal than expected. Other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the song's live performance.
1 dec 2007
Entrada Welcome in Spain
A film studio (also known as movie studio or simply studio) is a major entertainment company or motion picture company that has its own privately owned studio facility or facilities that are used to make films, which is handled by the production company. The majority of firms in the entertainment industry have never owned their own studios, but have rented space from other companies.
There are also independently owned studio facilities, who have never produced a motion picture of their own because they are not Entertainment companies or Motion Picture companies; they are companies who sell only studio space.
Siena the square
World cinema is a term used primarily in English language speaking countries to refer to the films and film industries of non-English speaking countries. It is therefore often used interchangeably with the term foreign film. However, both world cinema and foreign film could be taken to refer to the films of all countries other than one's own, regardless of native language.
30 nov 2007
Town and Turia
After a catastrophic flood in 1957 which devastated the city of Valencia, the river was divided in two at the western city limits (Plan Sur de Valencia). The water has been diverted southwards along a new course that skirts the city, before meeting the Mediterranean. The old course of the river continues, dry, through the city centre, almost to the sea.
The old riverbed is now a verdant sunken park that allows cyclists and pedestrians to traverse much of the city without the use of roads. The park, called the 'Garden of the Turia' (Jardà del Túria/JardÃn del Turia) boasts numerous ponds, paths, fountains, flowers, football pitches, cafés, artworks, climbing walls, an athletics track, a zen garden and more. The many bridges overhead carry traffic across the
park.
The Best of Freiburg
One of the famous old German university towns, and archiepiscopal seat, Freiburg was incorporated in the early twelfth century and developed into a major commercial, intellectual, and ecclesiastical center of the upper Rhine region. The city is known for its medieval university and minster, as well as for its high standard of living and advanced environmental practices. The city is situated in the heart of a major wine-growing region and serves as the primary tourist entry point to the scenic beauty of the Black Forest. According to meteorological statistics, the city is the sunniest and warmest in Germany and holds the German temperature record of 40.2 °C (104.4 °F).
Around Trasimeno
The Cinema of Italy comprises the films made within Italy or by Italian directors. Since the development of the Italian film industry in the early 1900s, Italian filmmakers and performers have, at times, experienced both domestic and international success, and have influenced film movements throughout the world. As of 2014, Italian films have won 14 Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, the most of any country, as well as 12 Palmes d'Or, the second-most of any country.
29 nov 2007
Famous Sunny Madeira
Madeira was claimed by Portuguese sailors in the service of Henry the Navigator in 1419, and settled after 1420. The archipelago is considered to be the first territorial discovery of the exploratory period of the Portuguese Age of Discovery.
Today, it is a popular year-round resort, being visited every year by about one million tourists, noted for its Madeira wine, flowers, landscapes and embroidery artisans, as well as for its annual New Year celebrations that feature the largest fireworks show in the world, as officially recognised by the Guinness World Records, in 2006. The main harbour in Funchal is the leading Portuguese port in cruise liner dockings,[ being an important stopover for commercial and trans-Atlantic passenger cruises between Europe, the Caribbean and North Africa.
Pikes Peak
Pikes Peak (originally Pike's Peak) is a mountain in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains within Pike National Forest, 10 mi (16 km) west of Colorado Springs, Colorado, in El Paso County in the United States of America.
Originally called "El Capitán" by Spanish settlers, the mountain was renamed Pike's Peak after Zebulon Pike, Jr., an explorer who led an expedition to the southern Colorado area in 1806. The Arapaho name is heey-otoyoo’ ("long mountain")
At 14,115 feet (4,302 m), it is one of Colorado's 54 fourteeners, mountains that rise more than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) above mean sea level, and rises 8,400 feet (2,600 m) above the city of Colorado Springs. Pikes Peak is a designated National Historic Landmark.
28 nov 2007
Siena in Italy
Schrader used his new project, a 10-episode web series called Life on the Other Side inspired by Federico Fellini’s La Dolce Vita, to discuss a new era in the filmmaking business. "If Fellini were alive today, he’d make La Dolce Vita as a web series, because maybe that’s a better way to make it than a three hour movie,” he said.
“We’re entering into a new era when so much of the old rules are changing. We don’t know how long a film is no more. We used to think a film was somewhere between an hour and a half and two hours. But now it’s somewhere between 3 minutes and 70 hours. You know, Mad Men is a movie. And we’re seeing the rise of new concepts. The film studios of the future are going be called Amazon and Google — and they are already called Netflix. This is where filmmaking and film-going is headed,” he stated.
Altenburg Castle
Rule of thirds A good guideline for composing your shots is the rule of thirds. This means that you should imagine your frame (the image your camera takes) divided into thirds, with actions and objects placed at the intersections of the vertical and horizontal thirds. This is far more interesting to the eye. Don’t place people you are fi lming in the middle of the frame simply because they are important. It’s far better to have the horizon either two-thirds from the top of the frame or two-thirds from the bottom. And if you are fi lming someone standing in front of a wider scene it’s good to have him or her standing slightly to the left or to the right of the frame. This permits the person to speak into the empty part of the frame—it gives them “nose-room.”
27 nov 2007
Panorama of Florence
In photography, panning refers to the rotation in a horizontal plane of a still camera or video camera. Panning a camera results in a motion similar to that of someone shaking their head from side to side or of an aircraft performing a yaw rotation. Or to that of an opening door if the door stays facing one way.
Filmmaking and professional video cameras pan by turning horizontally on a vertical axis, but the effect may be enhanced by adding other techniques, such as rails to move the whole camera platform. Slow panning is also combined with zooming in or out on a single subject, leaving the subject in the same portion of the frame, to emphasize or de-emphasize the subject respectively.
In still photography, the panning technique is used to suggest fast motion, and bring out the subject from other elements in the frame. In photographic pictures it is usually noted by a foreground subject in action appearing still (i.e. a runner frozen in mid-stride) while the background is streaked and/or skewed in the apparently opposite direction of the subject's travel, similar to speed lines, and is often used in sports photography, primarily of racing.
26 nov 2007
Walking into Valencia
The role of the filmmaker is changing, from one who records images through a lens to one who curates images from an existing database of footage. Does that sound like hyperbole? Consider these recent phenomena:
Russian Car Crash Videos. One of the stranger robotic camera phenomena, videos taken with cameras on Russian car dashboards have flooded YouTube. The cameras are apparently there for potential insurance cases, which suggests the institutional forces that will propel camera pervasiveness.
A New American Picture. Many artists use Google Street Images as source material,
Drone Videos. In combination with CCTV, drones are already equipped to record images that our eyes cannot.
The painting Dutchman
In 1888, Van Gogh decided to go south to Arles where he hoped his friends would join him and help found a school of art. At The Yellow House, van Gogh hoped like-minded artists could create together. Gauguin did join him but with disastrous results. Van Gogh’s nervous temperament made him a difficult companion and night-long discussions combined with painting all day undermined his health. Near the end of 1888, an incident led Gauguin to ultimately leave Arles. Van Gogh pursued him with an open razor, was stopped by Gauguin, but ended up cutting a portion of his own ear lobe off. Van Gogh then began to alternate between fits of madness and lucidity and was sent to the asylum in Saint-Remy for treatment.
24 nov 2007
Perugia
22 nov 2007
San-Gimignano
Federico Fellini
20 nov 2007
Quai and Caviar.
The cinema of Russia began in the Russian Empire, widely developed in the Soviet Union and in the years following its dissolution, the Russian film industry would remain internationally recognized. In the 21st century, Russian cinema has become popular internationally with hits such as House of Fools, Night Watch, and the popular Brother. Moscow International Film Festival is held in Moscow from 1935 and Nika Award is the main annual national film award in Russia.
The first films seen in the Russian Empire were brought in by the Lumière brothers, who exhibited films in Moscow and St. Petersburg in May 1896. That same month, Lumière cameraman Camille Cerf made the first film in Russia, recording the coronation of Nicholas II at the Kremlin.
19 nov 2007
Monarch Colorado
The pass is located on the Continental Divide at the southern end of the Sawatch Range along the border between Gunnison and Chaffee counties, approximately 25 miles (40 km) west of the town of Salida. The pass carries U.S. Highway 50 over the Sawatch Range, providing a route between Tomichi Creek in the upper basin of the Gunnison River on the west and the South Arkansas River, a tributary of the Arkansas River, on the east. The pass can be traversed by all vehicles under most conditions and is generally open year-round; however, 7% grades exist, and the area is prone to heavy winter snowfall, often resulting in temporary closures during severe winter storms. Ramps for runaway trucks are located about halfway down both the eastern and western sides of the pass.
15 nov 2007
Varmland
A warm welcome to Värmland generously provides a never-ending supply of experiences where you will encounter a kingdom of adventure in the deep forests, over thousands of lakes, along rivers and out on the wide waters of Lake Vänern. A safari straight out into the wilderness searching for game will awaken the nature lover in you and provide a much needed break from everyday life. Led by our dearly beloved Selma Lagerlöf, this is a place with strong traditions and a rich cultural life. Spoil yourself with fantastic food prepared from the riches of Värmland’s forests and waters. If you are after something more lively, then you can indulge yourself in motor sports and during the summertime, a host of festivals and events. Värmland is a place to which you will always long to return!
Valencia, the beach
Valencia is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, with around 809,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre. Valencia is also Spain's third largest metropolitan area, with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million. The city has global city status. The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the largest on the Mediterranean Sea.
Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC. The city is situated on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula,
13 nov 2007
Tour d'Amsterdam
About Film in the Netherlands: EYE.nl
This website sketches a picture of the developments in Dutch film history beginning with the first film exhibited in the Netherlands (on 12 March 1896) up until today. There are also many films and photographs from the EYE collection available online.
At present, the website covers the introduction of film in the Netherlands and the first decennia thereafter. Soon the site will be expanded with much more material, including the history of the feature film, experimental film, animated film and films from the Dutch East Indies. Altogether, these will provide an extensive image of Dutch film and cinema culture.
The Film in the Netherlands website currently features information about close to 2,300 early films. Many of these films have been lost; it is estimated that approximately 500 films have been preserved and more than 270 of these can be viewed on the website. In addition to this, there are fragments from nearly 50 other films that can be watched through the website.
5 nov 2007
Winterpalace Hermitage 2
The State Hermitage Museum is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia. One of the largest and oldest museums in the world, it was founded in 1754 by Catherine the Great and has been open to the public since 1852. Its collections, of which only a small part is on permanent display, comprise over three million items (the numismatic collection accounts for about one third of them) including the largest collection of paintings in the world. The collections occupy a large complex of six historic buildings along Palace Embankment, including the Winter Palace, a former residence of Russian emperors.
4 nov 2007
B&B: Crecy golf club
A short film is any film not long enough to be considered a feature film. No consensus exists as to where that boundary is drawn: the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences defines a short film as "an original motion picture that has a running time of 40 minutes or less, including all credits" but what is more appropriate than 10 minutes.The term featurette originally applied to a film longer than a short subject, but shorter than a standard feature film.
2 nov 2007
Tasting Madeira
Madeira is a fortified wine, produced in the Madeira Islands; varieties may be sweet or dry. It has a history dating back to the Age of Exploration when Madeira was a standard port of call for ships heading to the New World or East Indies. To prevent the wine from spoiling, neutral grape spirits were added. However, wine producers of Madeira discovered, when an unsold shipment of wine returned to the islands after a round trip, that the flavour of the wine had been transformed by exposure to heat and movement. Today, Madeira is noted for its unique winemaking process which involves heating the wine and deliberately exposing the wine to some levels of oxidation. Most countries limit the use of the term Madeira to those wines that come from the Madeira Islands, to which the European Union grants Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status.
1 nov 2007
Westphalia panorama
The present state of North Rhine-Westphalia was created by the British after World War II from the former Prussian province of Westphalia, the northern half of the former Prussian Rhine Province, and the former Free State of Lippe. North Rhine-Westphalia is subdivided into five government regions (Regierungsbezirke), so Westphalia today consists of the Regierungsbezirke of Münster, Detmold and Arnsberg. Inhabitants of the region call themselves Westphalians and call their home area Westphalia even though there is no governmental unit by that name.
Lisboa Belem
Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined by a government, media outlet or other controlling body. It can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship. It occurs in a variety of different contexts including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the
German corner: Koblenz
Modern video cameras have numerous designs and uses, not all of which resemble the early television cameras.
Professional video cameras, such as those used in television production and sometimes filmmaking in digital cinema; these may be television studio-based or mobile in the case of an electronic field production (EFP). Such cameras generally offer extremely fine-grained manual control for the camera operator, often to the exclusion of automated operation.
Camcorders, which combine a camera and a VCR or other recording device in one unit; these are mobile, and are widely used for television production, home movies, electronic news gathering (ENG) (including citizen journalism), and similar applications
31 okt 2007
Down by the mill
A soundtrack, also written sound track, can be recorded music accompanying and synchronized to the images of a motion picture, book, television program or video game; a commercially released soundtrack album of music as featured in the soundtrack of a film or TV show; or the physical area of a film that contains the synchronized recorded sound.
Girona/Gerona
Editing is one of the most powerful filmmaking tools. I’ve said it before and I’ll say it again, if you want to make movies and tell stories in general, learning how to edit, even if not at a professional level, will be such a strong ally, if only to understand better how this key phase in making a film can save or kill it.
28 okt 2007
Cochem Golfresort
Sports movies have been made since the era of silent films, such as the 1915 film The Champion starring Charlie Chaplin. Films in this genre can range from serious (Raging Bull) to silly (Horse Feathers). A classic theme for sports films is the triumph of an individual or team who prevail despite the difficulties. Men often identify with sports films in ways they wouldn't with other genres, such as spy films.
26 okt 2007
Las Costas
A movie star (also known as a film star and cinema star) is a celebrity who is well-known, or famous, for his or her starring, or leading, roles in motion pictures. The term may also apply to an actor or actress who is recognized as a marketable commodity and whose name is used to promote a movie in trailers and posters. The most widely known, prominent or successful actors are sometimes called “superstars” by writers and journalists. According to an online dictionary, a movie star is an actor or actress who is famous for playing leading roles in movies.[1] In recent decades, there has been an increasing trend to associate the term only with those iconic leading actors whose careers were at their height in the 1930s, 40s, 50s or 60s.
25 okt 2007
French Flanders
According to Walter Murch, when it comes to film editing, there are five main criteria for evaluating a cut or deciding where to cut. They are (in order of importance, most important first, with notional percentage values.):
Emotion (51%) — Does the cut reflect what the editor believes the audience should be feeling at that moment?
Story (23%) — Does the cut advance the story?
Rhythm (10%) — Does the cut occur "at a moment that is rhythmically interesting and 'right'" (Murch, 18)?
Eye-trace (7%) — Does the cut pay respect to "the location and movement of the audience's focus of interest within the frame" (Murch, 18)?
Two-dimensional plane of the screen (5%) — Does the cut respect the 180 degree rule?
21 okt 2007
Ceramica Catalunya
Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain and an officially recognized nationality. Catalonia comprises four provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona. The capital and largest city is Barcelona, the second largest city in Spain, and the center of one of the largest metropolitan areas in Europe. Catalonia belongs to the organization Four Motors for Europe.
It comprises most of the territory of the former Principality of Catalonia, with the remainder now belonging to France. Catalonia borders France and Andorra to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east, and the Spanish regions of Aragon and the Valencian Community to west and south respectively. The official languages are Catalan,
Spanish.
19 okt 2007
Moselle :Weinstrasse
A road movie is a film genre in which the main characters leave home to travel from place to place, typically altering the perspective from their everyday lives. The term can still apply to scenarios where it can be a misnomer, such as when the plot of a film involves off-road travel
The genre has its roots in spoken and written tales of epic journeys, such as the Odyssey and the Aeneid. The road film is a standard plot employed by screenwriters. It is a type of bildungsroman, a story in which the hero changes, grows or improves over the course of the story.
18 okt 2007
Thorn by the years gone
;Once in a wile we went with our super8 filmclub to an interesting place to shoot some footage. I choose for a laugh-theme. Unfortunately the dutch text of the various banners will only appeal to dutch=speaking people.
Thorn, the white town which attracts many tourists, has a rich history dating back to the late 10th century. In the course of time, it developed into a miniature convent ruled by an abbess and 20 ladies of noble birth. The convent had its own jurisdiction and its own currency until 1794 when this came to an end with the arrival of the French.
Thorn - was then that Thorn got its distinctive white color. After the aristocrats fled, the French imposed a tax based on the size of the windows. The poor, often living in large houses which formerly belonged to wealthy people could not afford this. To bring down the height of the tax they closed the windows with bricks. To conceal the building tracks ("scars of poverty") the houses were whitewashed.
Coffee in Alcaniz
Travelogues are credited with helping cultivating the interest in the travel industry at the same time transportation infrastructure was being developed to make it possible. As railways and steamships became more accessible more people became willing and eager to travel to distant places because of what was displayed in the popular travelogues of the day. The advent of cable television channels, such as the Discovery Channel and the Travel Channel and the availability of small, high quality, digital video equipment has renewed the popularity of travel films. Amateur films of an individual's travels can be considered travelogues as well.
17 okt 2007
Openair-museum Bokrijk
Made this video with a good friend of mine, when we all had our annual outdoor trip with the amateur-filmclub Lumiere from Eindhoven. Footage from both of us were combined.
15 okt 2007
Nideggen Germany
Castle was a place where we had a salesmeeting in the 70 years inlast century. a super 8 film. Nideggen is a town in the district of Düren in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia,
Nideggen is known for its ruined, but partly restored castle (Burg Nideggen) and the sandstone rocks along the Rur.
The town was created in 1972 by amalgamation of eight until then independent communities. Nideggen lies on the river Rur and at the banks of the Rurtalsperre, the second largest dam in Germany. The region is famous for its precipitous Early Triassic rocks of Buntsandstein in the valley of Rur and is situated between 250 and 450 metres over sea level.
Carnival for Kids
A super 8 mm movie
The typical costume of the Burgundian Carnaval has developed in the prosperous cities of the Duchy of Brabant and County of Flanders at the time of the Burgundian Netherlands. The shape of the Burgundian carnaval was originally that of a costumed eating feast during which people ridiculed each other. Because of the great poverty that prevailed in Brabant after the Golden Age until World War II, the traditional feast was characterized by (seemingly) simple costumes, of which the blue smock with red bandana of mid and especially western North Brabant is perhaps the most iconic and can still be found among the costumes today. The wearing of the smock secondarily made everyone egalitarian, since people’s status cannot be determined by their clothing and thus making it possible to criticize authority regardless people's position in daily life.Traditional clothing consists of old clothing, curtains, blue smocks and bandana with all kinds of accessories. This outfit can be found especially in the western part of North Brabant, but it is becoming less common in the last decade.
Beauty of the beasts
13 okt 2007
Theater in Rome
Comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humour. These films are designed to entertain the audience through amusement, and often work by exaggerating characteristics of real life for humorous effect.
Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending (the black comedy being an exception). One of the oldest genres in film, some of the very first silent movies were comedies, as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions, without requiring sound. Comedy, unlike other film genres, puts much more focus on individual stars, with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity. While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse, others contain political or social commentary